One Author
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial
Jones, J. P.
Two Authors
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. & Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial.
Jones, J. P. & Smith, A. D.
Three to Twenty Authors
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, & Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial,
More than Twenty Authors
After the first 19 authors' names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author's name (do not place an ampersand before it). There should be no more than twenty names in the citation total.
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, ... Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial,
No Author
Begin with the title of the resource.
Book
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for start of subtitle. Publisher. DOI
Jones, J. P. (2002). All about books: An intensive study. Macmillan. DOI
Book (Other than First Edition)
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for start of subtitle (# edition). Publisher. DOI
Smith, J. E. (2012). Multiple editions of editions: Numbers beyond belief (8th edition). Macmillan.
Edited Book (With Author)
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for start of subtitle (Editor First Initial. Middle Initial. Last Name, Ed.). Publisher. DOI
Jackson, R. R. (2013). An adventure in editing: Editing an author's work (M. M. Maxwell, Ed.). Palgrave.
Edited Book (No Author)
Editor(s) formatted same as Author(s). (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for start of subtitle. Location: Publisher. DOI
Greenberg, R. O. (Ed.). (2019). An edited book of chapters: Thirty-five amazing pieces. Petersons Publishing. DOI
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) formatted as authors. (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for start of subtitle (pp. #-#). Publisher. DOI
Johnstone, X. N. (2019). A chapter on verses: Verses and songs. In P. K. MacKensie (Ed.). The book of verses and songs: A compilation (pp. 3-35). Macmillan.
Journal Article
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume # (issue #), pages. DOI
Smith, A. B. & Marks, F. A. (2012). Articles on articles: An analysis. Journal of Article Analysis, 87(2), 9-13.
Online News Article
Author(s). (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL
Chack, F, O. (2014, May 4). Articles of news: Newsworthy articles. News of the Article World. http://www.articleworld.com
Website
Author(s). (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
Pope, A. M. (2015, May 5). Reflections on websites. Websites on websites. http://www.websitesonwebsites.com
Unpublished (Personal) Interviews
A personal interview is considered personal communication and thus is generally not included in the References, although it should be noted in the text of the work.
Published Interview
A published interview is cited as the format for that resource type.
Television Series
Executive Producer (Executive Producer). (Date range of release). Series name (TV series). Production company.
Writer (Writer) & Director (Director). (Original air date). Title of episode (Season number, episode number) [Tv series episode]. In Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company.
Abrams, A. (Executive Producer). (1993-1998). Show of shows (TV series). Frank's Films.
Carson, C. (Director), & Donaldson, D. (Writer). (14 June 2022). Episode of episodes (Season 3, episode 2) [Tv series episode]. In A. Abrams (Executive Producer), Show of shows. Frank's Films.
Published Conference Presentations / Lecture Notes / Presentation Slides
Be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture / presentation title (PowerPoint Slides, Word document, PDF document, etc.)
Contributor(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc.]. Publisher, URL.
Isaacs, I. (2012 January 5). Lecture of lectures [Lecture notes]. Johnson Journals.
Unpublished Conference Presentations / Lecture Notes / Presentation Slides
Contributor(s). (Year Month Day). Title of contribution [Description of contribution - Conference session, Keynote, Poster, etc.]. Title of Symposium / Conference, Location.
Graham, G. (2021 January 3). Presenting at conferences [Lecture]. ENG122, SUNY Schenectady County Community College, Schenectady NY.
Online Forum / Discussion / Social Media Post
Author(s) or Name(s) of Group(s) [Username]. (Year Month Day). Title of post [Online forum post / Tweet / Social Media Platform post]. Publisher. URL.
Holmes, H. & Keene, K. [hkgroup]. (2022 March 9). Posting posts to point [Facebook post]. Facebook. URL.
YouTube / Streaming Media
Author(s) or Name(s) of Group(s). [Username]. (Year Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service / Website host. URL.
Lincoln, L. & Morris, M. [Lmmovies]. (2023 April 12). Larry and Moe's movie of movies [Video]. Netflix.
Podcasts
Episode
Host Name (Host) or Executive Producer (Executive Producer). (Year Month Day). Title of episode (No. if provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast. Publisher. URL.
NIcolson, N. (Host). (2022 May 23). Episode on episodes (No. 799) [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast of podcasts. Olsen Productions. www.olsonproductions.com/nicolson799.html
Series
Host Name (Host) or Executive Producer (Executive Producer). (Range of publication). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL.
Peterson, P. (Executive Producer). (2009-2019). Random thoughts on life. Olsen Productions. www.olsonproductions.com/peterson.html
Secondary Sources
Provide the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original work and give a citation to the secondary source.
Original Author(s) noted .... (as cited in Author of Item in Hand, Year of item in hand).
Smith (1902) noted that "apples are different from oranges" (as cited in Johnson, 2022).
Artwork
If the artwork does not have a title, describe the artwork and put the description in square brackets.
Artist Name. (Day Month Year of Release / Creation). Title of artwork [medium]. Name of Museum, City, State, Country. URL.
Ross, R. (1879). Faces [oil on canvas]. Museum of Faces, Sometown, NY, USA. www.museumoffaces.com/ross_faces