Include in the text the first item that appears in the Reference list entry that corresponds to the citation (generally the first author's or creator's last name, or a shortened version of the title), the year of publication, and if a location is known such as a page number for a book or article or a paragraph number for a website or webpage. NOTE: If you provide the author's last name or shortened title of the work in the sentence, do not use it in the in-text citation.
A short quotation is up to four lines in one paragraph.
A long quotation is at least five lines, at least two paragraphs, or at least two lines of a poem or lyrics.
According to some, "quotations should be enclosed in quotation marks" (Last Name, YEAR, p. #), though others disagree.
According to Last Name (YEAR), "quotations should be block indented" (para. #).
In general, the formatting of quotations depends on the length of the quotation (Last Name & Last Name, YEAR paras. #-#)
... and while some say that quotations are annoying, it can also be noted that
Here you will see an example of how to format your parenthetical citation for three or more authors. Note that each line is indented five spaces on the left. Note also that there are no quotation marks around the quote. Also note that the ending in-text citation comes after the closing punctuation as more than one sentence has been quoted. This is a change from where there is only one sentence or part of a sentence being quoted, where the in-text citation comes before the end of the punctuation. (Last Name et al., YEAR, p. #)
According to some, "quotations should be enclosed in quotation marks,"1 though others disagree. Note the use of commas between pieces of the citation, and that you do not include the indicator for page number, just the number.
According to Last Name, "quotations should be block indented."2
In general, the formatting of quotations depends on the length of the quotation.
1. Source 1
2. Source 2
... and while some say that quotations are annoying, it can also be noted that
Here you will see an example of how to format a footnote or endnote for four or more authors. Note that each line is indented five spaces on the left. Note also that there are no quotation marks around the quote. You also will notice in the footnotes or endnotes that not all information is included - the full citation will appear in the Bibliography at the end of your paper or project.3
First Name Last Name
Walter P. Jones
Jones
Last Name, First Name
Jones, Walter P.
First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last Name
Louis Washington, George Carver, and Paul Lincoln
Washington, Carver, and Lincoln
Last Name, First Name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last Name
Washington, Louis, George Carver, and Paul Lincoln
First Name Last Name et al.
John Adams et al.
Adams et al.
Last Name, First Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last Name.
Adams, John, Harry Roosevelt, Jack Smith, Franklin Truman, Samantha Silver, Millie Margolis, Jack B. Nimble, Billy Williams, Rudyard Kane, and Pat Pickins.
Author(s), Title of Work: Subtitle of Work, # ed., (Place of Publication: Publisher, Publication Date), page #, DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Juan Ezra Smith and Eric Notion, Multiple Editions of Editions: Eric Notion’s Novels, 8th ed., (Anytown, AZ: Macmillan, 2012), 75.
Author(s). Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name, Date of Publication. DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Smith, Juan Ezra and Eric Notion. Multiple Editions of Editions: Eric Notion’s Novels, 8th ed. Anytown, AZ: Macmillan, 2012.
Author(s), “Title of Part,” in Title of Book: Subtitle of Book, ed. Editor(s) (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), Page Number, DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Zena Johnstone, Timothy Turner, and Bernadette Turner, “A Chapter of Chapters,” in Chapters, Chapters, and More Chapters, ed. Charles Charleston (Sometown, NY, Heinemann, 2000), 75.
Johnstone, Turner, and Turner, “A Chapter of Chapters,” 75.
Author(s)."Title of Chapter." In Title of Work, edited by Editor(s), #-#. Place of Publication: Publisher, Publication Date. DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Johnstone, Zena, Timothy Turner, and Bernadette Turner. “A Chapter of Chapters.” In Chapters, Chapters, and More Chapters, edited by Charles Charleston, 50-86. Sometown, NY: Heinemann, 2000.
Author(s), “Title of Article,” Title of Journal Volume Number, no. issue number (Date): page #, DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Anna Mae Smith and Jack Jones, “Article on Articles,” Journal of Article Analysis, 87, no. 2 (2022), 9.
Smith and Jones, “Article on Articles,” 10.
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number, no. issue number (Date of Publication): page #-#. DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Smith, Anna Mae and Jack Jones. "Article on Articles." Journal of Article Analysis 87, no. 2 (2022): 9-13.
Author(s), “Title of Page,” Title or Owner of the Site, DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Alex Marvin Pope, “Reflecting,” Reflections on Websites, www.websitereflections.com (accessed April 9, 2021).
Pope, “Reflecting.”
Author(s). “Title of Page.” Title or Owner of Site. DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Pope, Alex Marvin. “Reflecting.” Reflections on Websites. www.websitereflections.com (accessed April 9, 2021).
These are generally only noted in the text of the paper or in a footnote (depending on the style you are following).
Interviewee (important qualifier as to why interviewed) in discussion with the author, Month Day, Year.
William Washington (head of Jack's Jacks: Toys for All), in discussion with the author, September 17, 2022.
Washington.
Interviewee Name, interviewed by Interviewer Name, Rest of Citation of larger container (book, journal, etc.).
Adam Adams, interviewed by John Smith, Smith's Interviews, April 2001, Netflix (accessed April 4, 2024).
Adam Adams, "John and Adam," by John Smith, Smith's Interviews, April 11, 2011, Netflix (accessed April 4, 2024).
Adams.
Adams.
If published in print, similar to the source for that citation EXCEPT
Interviewee. "Title of Interview." By Interviewer or Author. Rest of Citation of larger container (book, journal, etc.).
Interviewee, interviewed by Interviewer. Rest of Citation of larger container (book, journal, etc.).
Adam Adams, interviewed by John Smith, Smith's Interviews, April 11, 2001, Netflix (accessed April 4, 2024).
Adam Adams. "John and Adam." By John Smith. Smith's Interviews, April 11, 2001, Netflix (accessed April 4, 2024).
Put the directors, writers, actors, creators, etc. in order of importance for your paper's purpose.
Title of Series, season #, episode #, “Title of Episode,” directed by Director(s), written by Writer(s), featuring Actor(s), aired Date, Distributor, Date of Distribution, Format (DVD, Blu-Ray, etc.).
Series of Episodes, season 1, episode 1, “The First Episode,” directed by Bert Alberts, written by Fred Rogers and Fanny Mae, created by Mike Mills and Frank Wax, featuring Bob Brothers and George Smothers, aired January 4, 1956, Series Productions, 2002. DVD.
Snodgrass, "The First Episode."
Writer(s), writer. Title of Series. Season #, episode #, “Title of Episode.” Directed by Director(s), featuring Actor(s). Aired Date. Distributor, Date of Distribution, Format (DVD, Blu-Ray, etc.).
Rogers, Fred and Fanny Mae, writers. Series of Episodes. Season 1, episode 1, “The First Episode.” Directed by Bert Alberts, created by Mike Mills and Frank Wax, featuring Bob Brothers and George Smothers. Aired January 4, 1956, Series Productions, 2002. DVD.
Title of Film, directed by Director(s) (Date of Creation; City, State: Distributor, Date of Distribution), format such as DVD or Blu-Ray.
Movie vs. Film, directed by Ron Pitney, (2008; Anyplace, VT, Banner Sisters, 2010), DVD.
Movie vs. Film.
Director(s), dir. Title of Film. Date of Creation; City, State: Distributor, Date of Distribution. Format such as DVD or Blu-Ray.
Pitney, Ron, dir. Movie vs. Film. 2008; Anyplace, VT: Banner Sisters, 2010). DVD.
Cite these as a publication of the format it is available in. If the date and location of the conference are not part of the published title, add this information.
Speaker(s), “Title of Lecture,” (medium, sponsorship, location, date), DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access) .
Charlie Carson, “The Setting of a Table,” (lecture, Annual Butler Club, The Abbey, MA, February 11, 1921), www.butleru.co.uk/cars/set.htm (accessed December 3, 2024).
Carson, “The Setting of a Table.”
Speaker(s). “Title of Lecture.” Medium at sponsorship, location, date. DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Carson, Charlie. “The Setting of a Table.” Lecture at Annual Butler Club, The Abbey, MA, February 11, 1921. www.butleru.co.uk/cars/set.htm (accessed December 3, 2024).
Creator, (User’s handle if available), “Title of the Post or Full text of the post as capitalized in the post if title is not available,” Title or Owner of the Social Medial Forum or the Course Name and Discussion Title, DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Robert Jackson, (bobsbeads), “pearl beads for sale,” Instagram, instagram.com/p/DB_qrVLpyHp (accessed December 2, 2023).
Jackson, “pearl beads for sale.”
Creator, (User’s handle if available). “Title of the Post or content of the post as capitalized in the post.” Title or Owner of the Social Medial Forum or the Course Name and Discussion Title. DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Jackson, Robert, (bobsbeads). “pearl beads for sale.” Instagram. Instagram.com/p/DB_qrVLpyHp (accessed December 2, 2023).
Treat television shows and movies as a film or television series.
Creator(s), “Title of Video,” YouTube or Streaming Media Platform, uploaded by Name (if different from creator), Date of Creation, DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Sally Smith, “Sally’s Silly Slime,” YouTube, uploaded by Jack Johnson, June 4, 2024, www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZY-5RixzNY (accessed September 7, 2024).
Smith, "Sally’s Silly Slime.”
Creator(s). “Title of Video.” YouTube or Streaming Media Platform. Uploaded by Name (if different from creator). Date of Creation. DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Smith, Sally. “Sally’s Silly Slime.” YouTube. Uploaded by Jack Johnson. June 4, 2024. www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZY-5RixzNY (accessed September 7, 2024).
Presenter(s)/Author(s), “Title of Podcast in Quotations,” date recorded or date posted, Sponsoring Body, length of podcast, DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Larry Newton, “Apples and Oranges,” January 3, 1999, SUNY Schenectady, 5:51, sunysccc.edu/podcasts/newton1 (accessed February 7 2024).
Newton, “Apples and Oranges.”
Presenter(s)/Author(s). “Title of Podcast.” Date recorded or date posted. Sponsoring Body, length of podcast. DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Newton, Larry. “Apples and Oranges.” January 3, 1999. SUNY Schenectady, 5:51. sunysccc.edu/podcasts/newton1 (accessed February 7, 2024).
It is strongly preferred you seek out the original source. If you cannot do so, both the original and the secondary source must be listed as the citation format for the item itself.
Citation of original. Quoted in Citation of the source in hand.
Creator(s), Title of Artwork, Date of Creation, medium, height x width x depth (unit conversion) location, DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Mary Mills, My Lambs, August 3, 1843, oil on silk, 67 5/8 x 66 ¾” (171.6 x 169.5 cm), Mother Goose Museum Online, mgm.co.gr/lambs (accessed July 22, 2023).
Mills, My Lambs.
Creator(s). Title. Date of Creation. Medium, height x width x depth (unit conversion). Location. DOI, permalink, or URL (accessed Date of Access).
Mills, Mary. My Lambs. August 3, 1843, oil on silk, 67 5/8 x 66 ¾” (171.6 x 169.5 cm). Mother Goose Museum Online, mgm.co.gr/lambs (accessed July 22, 2023).
Text generated by AI program, Provider, Date, URL.
Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, January 3, 2024, http://chatgpt.com.
No entry necessary.
AI program, response to "Prompt as you wrote it," Provider, Date, URL.
ChatGPT, response to "ultra-orthodox judaism transgender "conflict resolution"," OpenAI, November 27, 2024.
No entry necessary.
Remember that all citations should be SINGLE spaced, with one line between each citation.