According to some, "quotations should be enclosed in quotation marks" (Last Name, YEAR, p. #), though others disagree.
According to Last Name (YEAR), "quotations should be block indented" (para. #).
In general, the formatting of quotations depends on the length of the quotation (Last Name & Last Name, YEAR paras. #-#)
... and while some say that quotations are annoying, it can also be noted that
Here you will see an example of how to format your parenthetical citation for three or more authors. Note that each line is indented five spaces on the left. Note also that there are no quotation marks around the quote. Also note that the ending in-text citation comes after the closing punctuation as more than one sentence has been quoted. This is a change from where there is only one sentence or part of a sentence being quoted, where the in-text citation comes before the end of the punctuation. (Last Name et al., YEAR, p. #)
Include in the text the first item that appears in the References list entry that corresponds to the citation (generally the first author's or creator's last name, or a shortened version of the title), the year of publication, and, if a location is known such as a page number for a book or article or a paragraph number for a website or webpage. NOTE if you provide the author's last name or shortened title of the work in the sentence, do not use it in the parenthetical citation.
If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the work from which you are quoting, putting the titles of larger works such as books and plays in italics, and smaller items such as articles, essay, or poems in quotation marks.
A short quotation is considered up to 39 characters.
A long quotation is considered to be 40 characters or more.
One Author
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial
For example:
Jones, J. P.
Two Authors
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. & Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial.
For example:
Jones, J. P. & Smith, A. D.
Three to Twenty Authors
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, & Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial.
More than Twenty Authors
After the first 19 authors' names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author's name (do not place an ampersand before it). There should be no more than twenty names in the citation total.
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial, ... Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial.
No Author
Begin with the title of the resource.
Book
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for start of subtitle. Publisher. DOI
For example:
Jones, J. P. (2002). All about books: An intensive study. Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1081/jefv.32.231
Book (Other than First Edition)
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for start of subtitle (# edition). Publisher. DOI
For example:
Smith, J. E. (2012). Multiple editions of editions: Numbers beyond belief (8th edition). Macmillan.
Edited Book (With Author)
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for start of subtitle (Editor First Initial. Middle Initial. Last Name, Ed.). Publisher. DOI
For example:
Jackson, R. R. (2013). An adventure in editing: Editing an author's work (M. M. Maxwell, Ed.). Palgrave.
Edited Book (No Author)
Editor(s) formatted same as Author(s). (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for start of subtitle. Location: Publisher. DOI
For example:
Greenberg, R. O. (Ed.). (2019). An edited book of chapters: Thirty-five amazing pieces. Petersons Publishing. DOI
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) formatted as authors. (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for start of subtitle (pp. #-#). Publisher. DOI
For example:
Johnstone, X. N. (2019). A chapter on verses: Verses and songs. In P. K. MacKensie (Ed.). The book of verses and songs: A compilation (pp. 3-35). Macmillan.
Journal Article
Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume # (issue #), pages. DOI
For example:
Smith, A. B. & Marks, F. A. (2012). Articles on articles: An analysis. Journal of Article Analysis, 87(2), 9-13.
Online News Article
Author(s). (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL
For example:
Chack, F, O. (2014, May 4). Articles of news: Newsworthy articles. News of the Article World. http://www.articleworld.com
Website
Author(s). (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
For example:
Pope, A. M. (2015, May 5). Reflections on websites. Websites on websites. http://www.websitesonwebsites.com
Unpublished (Personal) Interviews
A personal interview is considered personal communication and thus is generally not included in the References, although it should be noted in the text of the work.
Published Interview
A published interview is cited as the format for that resource type.
Television Series
Executive Producer (Executive Producer). (Date range of release). Series name (TV series). Production company.
Writer (Writer) & Director (Director). (Original air date). Title of episode (Season number, episode number) [Tv series episode]. In Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company.
For example:
Abrams, A. (Executive Producer). (1993-1998). Show of shows (TV series). Frank's Films.
Carson, C. (Director), & Donaldson, D. (Writer). (2022, June 14). Episode of episodes (Season 3, episode 2) [Tv series episode]. In A. Abrams (Executive Producer), Show of shows. Frank's Films.
Published Conference Presentations / Lecture Notes / Presentation Slides
Be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture / presentation title (PowerPoint Slides, Word document, PDF document, etc.)
Contributor(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc.]. Publisher, URL.
For example:
Isaacs, I. (2012, January 5). Lecture of lectures [Lecture notes]. Johnson Journals.
Unpublished Conference Presentations / Lecture Notes / Presentation Slides
Contributor(s). (Year Month Day). Title of contribution [Description of contribution - Conference session, Keynote, Poster, etc.]. Title of Symposium / Conference, Location.
For example:
Graham, G. (2021, January 3). Presenting at conferences [Lecture]. ENG122, SUNY Schenectady County Community College, Schenectady NY.
Online Forum / Discussion / Social Media Post
Author(s) or Name(s) of Group(s) [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of post [Online forum post / Tweet / Social Media Platform post]. Publisher. URL.
For example:
Holmes, H. & Keene, K. [hkgroup]. (2022, March 9). Posting posts to point [Facebook post]. Facebook. URL.
YouTube / Streaming Media
Author(s) or Name(s) of Group(s). [Username]. (Year Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service / Website host. URL.
For example:
Lincoln, L. & Morris, M. [Lmmovies]. (2023, April 12). Larry and Moe's movie of movies [Video]. Netflix.
Podcasts
Episode
Host Name (Host) or Executive Producer (Executive Producer). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (No. if provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast. Publisher. URL.
For example:
Nicolson, N. (Host). (2022, May 23). Episode on episodes (No. 799) [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast of podcasts. Olsen Productions. www.olsonproductions.com/nicolson799.html
Series
Host Name (Host) or Executive Producer (Executive Producer). (Range of publication). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL.
For example:
Peterson, P. (Executive Producer). (2009-2019). Random thoughts on life. Olsen Productions. www.olsonproductions.com/peterson.html
Secondary Sources
Provide the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original work and give a citation to the secondary source.
Original Author(s) (YEAR) noted .... (as cited in Author of Item in Hand, Year of item in hand).
For example:
Smith (1902) noted that "apples are different from oranges" (as cited in Johnson, 2022).
Artwork
If the artwork does not have a title, describe the artwork and put the description in square brackets.
Artist Name. (Day Month Year of Release / Creation). Title of artwork [medium]. Name of Museum, City, State, Country. URL.
For example:
Ross, R. (1879). Faces [oil on canvas]. Museum of Faces, Sometown, NY, USA. www.museumoffaces.com/ross_faces
It is suggested you include the full text of the AI-generated text as an appendix since even with the same prompt a unique response will be generated each time.
Creator of the model. (Year). Name of the model (version). Publisher if different than creator of the model. Source or url
For example:
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version). https://chat.openai.com/chat